QUESTION #14
How a topic can be selected for secondary analysis?
Selecting Topic for Secondary Analysis
Search through the collections of information with research question and variables in mind, and then reassemble the information in new ways to address the research question.
It is difficult to specify topics that are appropriate for existing statistics research because they are so varied. In fact, existing statistics projects may not neatly fit into a deductive model of research design.
Thus existing statistics research is appropriate when a researcher wants to test hypotheses involving variables that are also in official reports of social, economic and political conditions. For example, existing statistics can be used by researcher who wants to see whether unemployment and crime rates are associated in 100 cities across a 20 year period.
QUESTION # 15
Briefly explain the importance of Secondary Data in research?
Secondary data refer to information gathered by someone other than the researcher conducting the present study. Secondary data are usually historical, already assembled, and do not require access to respondents or subjects. Many types of information about the social and behavioral world have been collected and are available to the researcher.
QUESTION # 16
Write a note on any three verities of non reactive observation 5
Physical Traces:
Wear and tear suggests a greater use. For example, a researcher examines children’s toys at a children’s play centre that were purchased at the same time. Worn out toys suggest greater interest of children in them.
Accumulation of physical evidence suggests behavior. A researcher examines the soft drink cans or bottles in the garbage collection. That might indicate the brands and types of soft drinks that are very popular.
Archives:
Regularly produced public records may reveal lot of information. For example, a researcher may examine marriage records for brides’ and grooms’ recorded ages.
The differences might indicate that males marrying younger females are greater than the other way around.
Irregular or private records can reveal a lot. For example, a researcher may look into the number of reams of paper purchased by a college principal’s office for the last 10 years and compare it with students’ enrollment.
Observations:
How people appear may indicate social factors. For example, a researcher watches students to see whether they are more likely to wear their college’s colors and symbols after the college team won or lost.
Counting how many people do something can be informative. For example a researcher may count the number of men and women who come to a full stop and those who come to a rolling stop at a traffic stop sign. This suggests gender difference in driving behavior.
How long people take to do things may indicate their intention. For example a researcher may measure how long men and women pause in front of a particular painting.
Time taken may indicate their interest in the painting.
QUESTION # 17
Historical-Comparative research focuses on some factors, list down those factors?
Historical-Comparative research focuses on:
• Tracing the development of social forms (patterns) overtime as well as its broad its broad historical processes, and
• Comparing those forms and its developmental processes across cultures (countries/nations).
QUESTION # 18
What do you know about pretest and posttest experimental and control group design? 3 Marks
Pretests and Posttests:
Frequently a researcher measures thee dependent variable more than once during an experiment. The pretest is the measurement of the dependent variable prior to the introduction of the treatment. The posttest is the measurement of the dependent variable after thee treatment has been introduced into the experimental situation.
Experimental and Control Groups:
Experimental researchers often divide subjects into two or more groups for purposes of compassion. A simple experiment has only two groups, only one of which receives the treatment. The experimental group is the group that receives the treatment or in which the treatment is present.
QUESTION # 19
What is the method of constructing percentage tables? 3 Marks
Constructing Percentage Tables
It is to construct a percentage table, but there are ways to make it look professional. Let us take two variables like the age of the respondents and their attitude towards “women empowerment.” Assuming that age affects the attitude towards women empowerment let us hypothesize: the lower the age, the higher the favorable attitude towards “women empowerment.” The age range of the respondents is 25 to 70, and the attitude index has three categories of “highly favorable,” “medium favorable,” and “low favorable.” The age variable has so many categories that making a table with that number becomes unwieldy and meaningless. Therefore, we regroup (recode) the age categories into three i.e. under 40 years, 40 – 60 years, and 61 + years.
QUESTION # 20
Explain case control studies in focus group discussion? 3 Marks
Case Control studies:
It is also possible to select two groups (taking them as cases), one with an effect (study group) and the other without effect (control group). Both the cases are similar except for the effect. One could look at the case of Manga Mandi village, where, a few years back, deformities in the bones of children were observed in one part of the village. Here one could explore the totality of the background of affected and unaffected parts of the locality, each being treated as a unit. One could develop hypothesis by having an in-depth analysis of the affected and unaffected parts.
QUESTION # 21
What do we meant by Time dimension in research? In what broad types research can be divided according to time? 5 Marks.
The Time Dimension in Research
Another dimension of research is the treatment of time. Some studies give us a snapshot of a single, fixed time point and allow us to analyze it in detail. Other studies provide a moving picture that lets us follow events, people, or sale of products over a period of time. In this way from the angle of time research could be divided into two broad types:
a. Cross-Sectional Research. In cross-sectional research, researchers observe at one point in time. Cross-sectional research is usually the simplest and least costly alternative. Its disadvantage is that it cannot capture the change processes. Cross-sectional research can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory, but it is most consistent with a descriptive approach to research.
b. Longitudinal Research. Researchers using longitudinal research examine features of people or other units at more than one time. It is usually more complex and costly than cross-sectional research but it is also more powerful, especially when researchers seek answers to questions about change.
QUESTION # 22
How would you explain the scope of experimental research? 5 Marks.
Experimental research builds on the principles of positivist approach more directly than do the other research techniques. Researchers in the natural sciences (e.g. chemistry and physics), related applied fields (e.g. engineering, agriculture, and medicines) and the social sciences conduct experiments. The logic that guides an experiment on plant growth
in biology or testing a metal in engineering is applied in experiments on human social behavior. Although it is most widely used in psychology, the experiment is found in education, criminal justice, journalism, marketing, nursing, political science, social work, and sociology. The purpose of experimental research is to allow the researcher to control the research situation so that causal relationships among variables may be evaluated. The experimenter, therefore, manipulates a single variable in an investigation and holds constant all other, extraneous variables. (Events may be controlled in an experiment in a way that is not possible in a survey.) The goal of the experimental design is the confidence that it gives the researcher that his experimental treatment is the cause of the effect he measures.
QUESTION # 23
How would you differentiate letter of transmittal and letter of authorization? 5 Marks.
Letter of Transmittal: This element is included in relatively formal and very formal reports. Its purpose is to release or deliver the report to the recipient. It also serves to establish some rapport between the reader and the writer. This is one part of the formal report where a personal, or even a slightly informal, tone should be used. The transmittal letter should not dive into report findings except in the broadest terms.
Letter of Authorization: This is a letter to the researcher approving the project, detailing who has responsibility for the project and indicating what resources are available to support it. The letter not only shows who sponsored the research but also delineates the original request.
Researcher would not write this letter. In many situations, referring to the letter of authorization in the letter of transmittal is sufficient. If so, the letter of authorization need not be included in the report. In case the letter has to be included, exact copy of the original may be reproduced.
QUESTION # 25
How topic can be selected from secondary analysis? 3
Selecting Topic for Secondary Analysis
Search through the collections of information with research question and variables in mind, and then reassemble the information in new ways to address the research question.
It is difficult to specify topics that are appropriate for existing statistics research because they are so varied. In fact, existing statistics projects may not neatly fit into a deductive model of research design.
Thus existing statistics research is appropriate when a researcher wants to test hypotheses involving variables that are also in official reports of social, economic and political conditions. For example, existing statistics can be used by researcher who wants to see whether unemployment and crime rates are associated in 100 cities across a 20 year period.
How a topic can be selected for secondary analysis?
Selecting Topic for Secondary Analysis
Search through the collections of information with research question and variables in mind, and then reassemble the information in new ways to address the research question.
It is difficult to specify topics that are appropriate for existing statistics research because they are so varied. In fact, existing statistics projects may not neatly fit into a deductive model of research design.
Thus existing statistics research is appropriate when a researcher wants to test hypotheses involving variables that are also in official reports of social, economic and political conditions. For example, existing statistics can be used by researcher who wants to see whether unemployment and crime rates are associated in 100 cities across a 20 year period.
QUESTION # 15
Briefly explain the importance of Secondary Data in research?
Secondary data refer to information gathered by someone other than the researcher conducting the present study. Secondary data are usually historical, already assembled, and do not require access to respondents or subjects. Many types of information about the social and behavioral world have been collected and are available to the researcher.
QUESTION # 16
Write a note on any three verities of non reactive observation 5
Physical Traces:
Wear and tear suggests a greater use. For example, a researcher examines children’s toys at a children’s play centre that were purchased at the same time. Worn out toys suggest greater interest of children in them.
Accumulation of physical evidence suggests behavior. A researcher examines the soft drink cans or bottles in the garbage collection. That might indicate the brands and types of soft drinks that are very popular.
Archives:
Regularly produced public records may reveal lot of information. For example, a researcher may examine marriage records for brides’ and grooms’ recorded ages.
The differences might indicate that males marrying younger females are greater than the other way around.
Irregular or private records can reveal a lot. For example, a researcher may look into the number of reams of paper purchased by a college principal’s office for the last 10 years and compare it with students’ enrollment.
Observations:
How people appear may indicate social factors. For example, a researcher watches students to see whether they are more likely to wear their college’s colors and symbols after the college team won or lost.
Counting how many people do something can be informative. For example a researcher may count the number of men and women who come to a full stop and those who come to a rolling stop at a traffic stop sign. This suggests gender difference in driving behavior.
How long people take to do things may indicate their intention. For example a researcher may measure how long men and women pause in front of a particular painting.
Time taken may indicate their interest in the painting.
QUESTION # 17
Historical-Comparative research focuses on some factors, list down those factors?
Historical-Comparative research focuses on:
• Tracing the development of social forms (patterns) overtime as well as its broad its broad historical processes, and
• Comparing those forms and its developmental processes across cultures (countries/nations).
QUESTION # 18
What do you know about pretest and posttest experimental and control group design? 3 Marks
Pretests and Posttests:
Frequently a researcher measures thee dependent variable more than once during an experiment. The pretest is the measurement of the dependent variable prior to the introduction of the treatment. The posttest is the measurement of the dependent variable after thee treatment has been introduced into the experimental situation.
Experimental and Control Groups:
Experimental researchers often divide subjects into two or more groups for purposes of compassion. A simple experiment has only two groups, only one of which receives the treatment. The experimental group is the group that receives the treatment or in which the treatment is present.
QUESTION # 19
What is the method of constructing percentage tables? 3 Marks
Constructing Percentage Tables
It is to construct a percentage table, but there are ways to make it look professional. Let us take two variables like the age of the respondents and their attitude towards “women empowerment.” Assuming that age affects the attitude towards women empowerment let us hypothesize: the lower the age, the higher the favorable attitude towards “women empowerment.” The age range of the respondents is 25 to 70, and the attitude index has three categories of “highly favorable,” “medium favorable,” and “low favorable.” The age variable has so many categories that making a table with that number becomes unwieldy and meaningless. Therefore, we regroup (recode) the age categories into three i.e. under 40 years, 40 – 60 years, and 61 + years.
QUESTION # 20
Explain case control studies in focus group discussion? 3 Marks
Case Control studies:
It is also possible to select two groups (taking them as cases), one with an effect (study group) and the other without effect (control group). Both the cases are similar except for the effect. One could look at the case of Manga Mandi village, where, a few years back, deformities in the bones of children were observed in one part of the village. Here one could explore the totality of the background of affected and unaffected parts of the locality, each being treated as a unit. One could develop hypothesis by having an in-depth analysis of the affected and unaffected parts.
QUESTION # 21
What do we meant by Time dimension in research? In what broad types research can be divided according to time? 5 Marks.
The Time Dimension in Research
Another dimension of research is the treatment of time. Some studies give us a snapshot of a single, fixed time point and allow us to analyze it in detail. Other studies provide a moving picture that lets us follow events, people, or sale of products over a period of time. In this way from the angle of time research could be divided into two broad types:
a. Cross-Sectional Research. In cross-sectional research, researchers observe at one point in time. Cross-sectional research is usually the simplest and least costly alternative. Its disadvantage is that it cannot capture the change processes. Cross-sectional research can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory, but it is most consistent with a descriptive approach to research.
b. Longitudinal Research. Researchers using longitudinal research examine features of people or other units at more than one time. It is usually more complex and costly than cross-sectional research but it is also more powerful, especially when researchers seek answers to questions about change.
QUESTION # 22
How would you explain the scope of experimental research? 5 Marks.
Experimental research builds on the principles of positivist approach more directly than do the other research techniques. Researchers in the natural sciences (e.g. chemistry and physics), related applied fields (e.g. engineering, agriculture, and medicines) and the social sciences conduct experiments. The logic that guides an experiment on plant growth
in biology or testing a metal in engineering is applied in experiments on human social behavior. Although it is most widely used in psychology, the experiment is found in education, criminal justice, journalism, marketing, nursing, political science, social work, and sociology. The purpose of experimental research is to allow the researcher to control the research situation so that causal relationships among variables may be evaluated. The experimenter, therefore, manipulates a single variable in an investigation and holds constant all other, extraneous variables. (Events may be controlled in an experiment in a way that is not possible in a survey.) The goal of the experimental design is the confidence that it gives the researcher that his experimental treatment is the cause of the effect he measures.
QUESTION # 23
How would you differentiate letter of transmittal and letter of authorization? 5 Marks.
Letter of Transmittal: This element is included in relatively formal and very formal reports. Its purpose is to release or deliver the report to the recipient. It also serves to establish some rapport between the reader and the writer. This is one part of the formal report where a personal, or even a slightly informal, tone should be used. The transmittal letter should not dive into report findings except in the broadest terms.
Letter of Authorization: This is a letter to the researcher approving the project, detailing who has responsibility for the project and indicating what resources are available to support it. The letter not only shows who sponsored the research but also delineates the original request.
Researcher would not write this letter. In many situations, referring to the letter of authorization in the letter of transmittal is sufficient. If so, the letter of authorization need not be included in the report. In case the letter has to be included, exact copy of the original may be reproduced.
QUESTION # 25
How topic can be selected from secondary analysis? 3
Selecting Topic for Secondary Analysis
Search through the collections of information with research question and variables in mind, and then reassemble the information in new ways to address the research question.
It is difficult to specify topics that are appropriate for existing statistics research because they are so varied. In fact, existing statistics projects may not neatly fit into a deductive model of research design.
Thus existing statistics research is appropriate when a researcher wants to test hypotheses involving variables that are also in official reports of social, economic and political conditions. For example, existing statistics can be used by researcher who wants to see whether unemployment and crime rates are associated in 100 cities across a 20 year period.
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