Eco403 solved subjective short notes for midterm

Actual budget:
The amount spent by the Federal government (to purchase goods and services and for transfer
payments) less the amount of tax revenues collected by it in any fiscal year; and which can not
reliably used to determine whether it is pursuing an expansionary or concretionary fiscal policy.
Actual deficit : The size of federal government’s budget deficit actually measured or recorded in any given year.
Actual investment :
The amount which business firms do invest: equal to planned investment plus unplanned investment.
Actual reserves :
The funds which a member bank has on deposit at the Federal Reserve Bank of its district.
Adaptive expectation theory :
The idea that people determine their expectations about future events (e.g. inflation) on the basis of
past and present events (rates of inflation) and only change their expectations as events unfolds.
Aggregate demand :
A schedule or curve which shows the total quantity of goods and services demanded (purchased) at
different price levels.
Aggregate supply :
A schedule or curve showing the total quantity of goods and services supplied (produced) at different
price level.
Anticipated inflation :
Inflation at a rate equal to the rate expected in that period of time
Asset demand for money :
The amount of money people want to hold as a store of value (the amount of their financial assets
they wish to have in the form of money); and which varies inversely with the rate of interest.
Average propensity to consume :
Fraction of disposable income which households spend for consumer goods and services;
consumption divided by disposable income.
Average propensity to save :
Fraction of disposable income which household save; saving divided by disposable income.
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Cs101 solved subjective question short notes

1. Write a note on other virus like programs (10)
Answer:
Other Virus-Like Programs
• There are other computer programs that are similar to viruses in some ways but different in some
others
• Three types:
– Trojan horses
– Logic- or time-bombs
– Worms
Trojan Horses
• Unlike viruses, they are stand-alone programs
• The look like what they are not
• They appear to be something interesting and harmless (e.g. a game) but when they are executed,
destruction results
Logic- or Time-Bombs
• It executes its payload when a predetermined event occurs
• Example events:
• A particular word or phrase is typed
– A particular date or time is reached
Worms
• Harmless in the sense that they only make copies of themselves on the infected computer
• Harmful in the sense that it can use up available computer resources (i.e. memory, storage,
processing), making it slow or even completely useless
Designing, writing, or propagating malicious code or participating in any of the fore-mentioned activities
can result in criminal prosecution, which in turn, may lead to jail terms and fines!
2. What is holographic storage? (2 marks)
Answer:
Holographic storage:
Holographic data storage is a potential replacement technology in the area of
high-capacity data storage currently dominated by magnetic and conventional optical data
storage.
3. What is semantic web and how is it different from normal web? (2
marks)
Answer:
Symantec Web:
The Semantic Web is the future generation in WWW technology. It envisages
information from diverse sources being easily combined and used in profoundly different
and more powerful ways.
4. Write the types of computer networks? (2 marks)
Answer:
Types of Computer Networks according to the network access policy
• Private
• Public
5. What are structured vector graphics? (3 marks)
Answer:
Structured Vector Graphics
• New format; may become more popular than Flash
• Plug-in required
• Text-file storage; search engine friendly
6. What is in line java script event handling? (5 marks)
Answer:
In-Line JavaScript Event Handling:
Event handlers are placed in the BODY portion of a Web page as attributes of HTML
Tags
The event handler attribute consists of 3 parts:
The identifier of the event handler
The equal sign
A string consisting of JavaScript statements enclosed in double or single quotes
Multiple JavaScript statements (separated by semicolons) can be placed in that string, but
All have to fit in a single line; no new line characters are allowed in that string
Due to this limitation, sophisticated event handling is not possible with in-line event
Handling
Ppaer#2 CS101 (Solved)
1. Define the term 3D Rendering? (2 marks)
Answer:
3D Rendering:
The process of converting information about 3D objects into a bit map that can be
displayed on a 2D computer display
Computationally, very expensive!
Steps:
Draw the wire-frame (skeleton, made with thin lines)
Fill with colors, textures, patterns
Add lighting effects (reflections shadows)
2. What is an intelligent system? (2 marks)
Answer:
Intelligent system:
SW programs or SW/HW systems designed to perform complex tasks employing
strategies that mimic some aspect of human thought.
3. What is a compiler? Write its one benefit over interpreter? (5 marks)
Answer:
Compiler:
Compiler translates the program written in a HLL in one go. The translated code
is then used by the up whenever the program needs to be run.
To run a program you've written, e.g. in JAVA, it must first be translated into machine
code so the computer can read it. This is what compilers and interpreters do.
However, compilers convert the code all at once, save it, and then run it; whereas
interpreters translate the code one line at a time, as it is run.
Interpreters tend to result in faster translating of code so they are used mostly for
debugging. This is because if you used a compiler, you'd have to re-compile your entire
project every time you changed one little thing.
4. Who is a computing professional? (3 marks)
Answer:
Computing professional
• Computer scientists, software engineers, computer engineers, and some of the
Telecom engineers are generally classified as computing professionals.
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Eco401 short notes for midterm subjective type mega file

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Mgt201 midterm short notes

1. Real Assets:
Real assets are tangible assets that have physical characteristics. For instance,
land, house,
Equipment, car, wheat, fruits, cotton, computers, etc., are different kinds of real
assets.
2. Securities:
Security, also known as a financial asset, is a piece of paper representing a claim
on an asset.
Securities can be classified into two categories.
3. • Direct Securities: Direct securities include stocks and bonds. While
valuing
Direct securities we take into account the cash flows generated by the
Underlying assets.
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) technique is often used to determine the value of
a stock or bond.
4. • Indirect Securities: Indirect securities include derivatives, Futures and
Options.
The securities do not generate any cash flow; however, its value depends on the
Value of the underlying asset.
While in this course, direct securities would be discussed at length, the indirect
securities would only be skimmed through in the later chapters.
5. Bonds:
Bonds represent debt. The important features of bonds are given as under.
• Internationally, bonds are the most common way for companies to raise funds.
• A bond is a long-term debt contract (on paper) issued by the borrower (Issuer
of the Bond i.e., accompany that wishes to raise funds) to the lenders
(bondholders or Investors which may include banks, financial institutions, and
private investors).
• Bonds issued by a company are usually shown on the liabilities side of the
Balance Sheet.
• A Bond requires the borrower to pay a pre-determined amount of interest
regularly to the lender (Bondholder). The interest rate or the rate of return on a
bond can be Fixed or Floating. If an Investor purchases a bond which is offering
a rate of 10 % for the life of the bond, the rate would be fixed at 10 percent.
However, if the interest rate on the bond is tied to the market interest rates, the
rate of interest would be floating. The floating rate implies that the interest rate
would fluctuate with any change in the market interest rate.
Types of Bonds:
• Debentures: Unsecured – no asset backing
• Mortgage Bond: Secured by real property i.e. Land, house
• Others: Eurobond, Zeros, Junk, etc.
The details on these different types of bonds would be discussed in later lectures.

Cs201 short notes 2

Const:
A C++ keyword used to declare an object as constant or used to declare a constant parameter.
Constructor:
A function called when a class object comes into scope. The constructor is used to initialize the object. See allocation, copy constructor, and destruct or.
Continue:
C++ keyword used with for and while statements to continue the iteration at the top of the loop.
Copy constructor:
A special type of constructor that is called when an object is copied.
cout:
In C++ stream I/O, the standard output stream.
Data structure:
The term data structure refers to the way data is organized for use within a program. Correct organization of data can lead to simpler and more efficient algorithms. Common data structures are linked-lists, stacks, queues and trees.
Debugger:
A tool for stepping through the execution of a program, examining variables, setting breakpoints, and so on.
Declaration:
A C++ entity that introduces one or more names into a program. declaration specifies to the compiler the types of all the elements of an identifier; "this function or this piece of data exists somewhere else, and here is what it should look like." See also definition for definition.
Default argument:
An optional argument to a function. A value specified in the function declaration is used if the argument is not given.
Definition:
Instantiates an identifier, allocating its memory. A declaration can also be a definition. You can declare data or a function in many differ.
Delete operator:
C++ keyword and operator used to delete dynamic storage.
Derived class:
A class that inherits members from a base class.
Destructor:
A function called when a class object goes out of scope. It cleans up the object, freeing resources like dynamic storage.
Do:
A C/C++ reserved word that allows construction of an iterative loop. The statements in the body always execute at least once. Also see while.
Double:
A fundamental data type in C and C++. Double variables are used to store floating-point values. They offer greater precision and can store larger numbers than floats.
Dynamic memory allocation:
The process of dynamically creating objects in the heap or free store during program runtime. Statically created objects, created by the compiler, are put on the program stack.
Else:
C++ keyword, part of the if statement, that allows conditional execution of code.
endl:
The standard C++ library provides a set of manipulator functions that can modify the state of iostream objects. endl writes a new line to output.
Explicit:
A C++ keyword used in the declaration of constructors to indicate that conversion of an initializer should not take place.
Expression:
A combination of constants, variables, and operators used to produce a value of some type.
Expression statement:
A statement that is an expression, such as a function call or assignment.
Float:
A C++ keyword used to declare a floating point type.
For:
A C++ keyword used to specify an iteration or looping statement.
Friend:
A type of declaration used within a class to grant other classes or functions access to that class.
Function:
A C++ entity that is a sequence of statements. It has its own scope, accepts a set of argument values, and returns a value on completion.
Function overloading:
The capability of having several routines in a program with the same name. The different functions are distinguished by their parameter types, return value types, or both; the compiler automatically selects the correct version, based on parameter types and return types.
Garbage collection:
A way of automatically managing dynamic storage such that explicit cleanup of storage is not required. C++ does not have garbage collection.
Garbage collection:
A way of automatically managing dynamic storage such that explicit cleanup of storage is not required. C++ does not have garbage collection.
Global variable:
A variable that is accessible throughout the whole program, whose lifetime is that of the program.
goto:
C++ keyword, used to transfer control within a C++ function.
Header file:
A file containing class declarations, preprocessor directives, and so on, and included in a translation unit. It is expanded by the preprocessor.
Heap:
A pool of memory used for dynamic memory allocation. Blocks of memory from this area are allocated for program use during execution using the new operator in C++ and the malloc function in C.
If:
C++ keyword used in conditional statements, that allows conditional execution of code.
Inheritance:
The process whereby a derived class inherits members from a base class. A derived class will also add its own members to those of the base class.
Inline:
C++ keyword used to declare an inline function.
Inline function:
A function that can be expanded by a compiler at the point of call, thereby saving the overhead time required to call the function. Best for recursive and loop calls. Provides type safety and side-effects protection not afforded by #define.
int:
The C/C++ keyword int is used to declare an integer variable.
Interface:
C++ separates its interface from its implementation. The interface in C++ is the class definition of an object, and its methods. The interface doesn't specify how the methods work; this is done in the class implementation. Only the interface need be compiled at compile time. The implementation can be linked (or even written) at any time.
Keyword: http://www.vustudents.net
A reserved identifier in C++, used to denote data types, statements of the language, and so on. Keywords are reserved words that serve a special purpose within a programming language. They may declare the type or properties of an object, or allow creation of program structure such as branches or loops. They may not by used as identifiers or object (variable) names.
Label:
A name that is the target of a goto statement.
Linker:
A program that combines object files and library code to produce an executable program.

Cs201 short notes 1

#includes:
The #include directive instructs the preprocessed to read and include a file into a source code file. The file name is typically enclosed with < and > if the file is a system provided file, or in quotes if the file is user provided.
Abstract class:
A class that can only be used as a base class for some other class. A class is abstract if it has at least one pure virtual function.
Aggregate:
An array or object of a class with no constructors, no private or protected members, no base classes, and no virtual functions. Also see initialize and initialization.
Alias:
Defining an alias for a structure or built-in type allows use of the alias as if it were a new type. In C, the keyword is type def. It's a bad idea to alias (have two objects pointing to the same data) unless one of those objects is a temporary variable.
Allocation:
The process of giving memory space to an object. Also see dynamic storage, static storage, and reallocation
Argument:
When calling a function, refers to the actual values passed to the function. Also see parameter.
Array:
An ordered and index able sequence of values. C++ supports arrays of a single dimension (a vector) or of multiple dimensions
Base class:
A class that serves as a base for a derived class to inherit members from. Also see inheritance.
Bit:
A bit is the smallest unit of memory that can be manipulated. It has a binary or boolean value of 0 or 1. Within memory bits are combined to form bytes and words. Depending on its type, a variable in a program is stored in some number of bytes.
Bool:
C++ keyword used to declare a Boolean data type.
Break:
C++ keyword used to specify a statement that is used to break out of a for or while loop or out of a switch statement.
Byte:
A byte is a grouping of eight bits which a computer typically groups as one logical unit. It is usually the smallest addressable unit of memory.
Call by value:
Passing a copy of an argument to a function. The function cannot then change the argument value. C and C++ use call by value argument passing. But also see pointer and reference, also see call by reference.
Case:
A C++ keyword used to denote an individual element of a switch statement.
Char:
A C++ keyword used to declare an object of character type. Often considered the same as a byte, though it is possible to have multi-byte characters.
cin:
In C++ stream I/O, the standard input stream.
Class:
A C++ keyword used to declare the fundamental building block of C++ programs. A class has a tag, members, access control mechanisms, and so on.
Class layout:
The way in which data class members are arranged in a class object
Class member:
A constituent member of a class, such as a data declaration, a function, or a nested class.
Class template:
A template used for generating class types.
Comments:
C++ has C-style comments delimited with /* and */, and new C++-style line-oriented comments starting with //.
Compiler:
A software tool that converts a language such as C++ into a different form, typically assembly language.

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