Sta630 solved midterm subjective paper

QUESTION #14
How a topic can be selected for secondary analysis?
Selecting Topic for Secondary Analysis
Search through the collections of information with research question and variables in mind, and then reassemble the information in new ways to address the research question.
It is difficult to specify topics that are appropriate for existing statistics research because they are so varied. In fact, existing statistics projects may not neatly fit into a deductive model of research design.
Thus existing statistics research is appropriate when a researcher wants to test hypotheses involving variables that are also in official reports of social, economic and political conditions. For example, existing statistics can be used by researcher who wants to see whether unemployment and crime rates are associated in 100 cities across a 20 year period.
QUESTION # 15
Briefly explain the importance of Secondary Data in research?
Secondary data refer to information gathered by someone other than the researcher conducting the present study. Secondary data are usually historical, already assembled, and do not require access to respondents or subjects. Many types of information about the social and behavioral world have been collected and are available to the researcher.
QUESTION # 16
Write a note on any three verities of non reactive observation 5
Physical Traces:
Wear and tear suggests a greater use. For example, a researcher examines children’s toys at a children’s play centre that were purchased at the same time. Worn out toys suggest greater interest of children in them.
Accumulation of physical evidence suggests behavior. A researcher examines the soft drink cans or bottles in the garbage collection. That might indicate the brands and types of soft drinks that are very popular.
Archives:
Regularly produced public records may reveal lot of information. For example, a researcher may examine marriage records for brides’ and grooms’ recorded ages.
The differences might indicate that males marrying younger females are greater than the other way around.
Irregular or private records can reveal a lot. For example, a researcher may look into the number of reams of paper purchased by a college principal’s office for the last 10 years and compare it with students’ enrollment.
Observations:
How people appear may indicate social factors. For example, a researcher watches students to see whether they are more likely to wear their college’s colors and symbols after the college team won or lost.
Counting how many people do something can be informative. For example a researcher may count the number of men and women who come to a full stop and those who come to a rolling stop at a traffic stop sign. This suggests gender difference in driving behavior.
How long people take to do things may indicate their intention. For example a researcher may measure how long men and women pause in front of a particular painting.
Time taken may indicate their interest in the painting.
QUESTION # 17
Historical-Comparative research focuses on some factors, list down those factors?
Historical-Comparative research focuses on:
• Tracing the development of social forms (patterns) overtime as well as its broad its broad historical processes, and
• Comparing those forms and its developmental processes across cultures (countries/nations).
QUESTION # 18
What do you know about pretest and posttest experimental and control group design? 3 Marks
Pretests and Posttests:
Frequently a researcher measures thee dependent variable more than once during an experiment. The pretest is the measurement of the dependent variable prior to the introduction of the treatment. The posttest is the measurement of the dependent variable after thee treatment has been introduced into the experimental situation.
Experimental and Control Groups:
Experimental researchers often divide subjects into two or more groups for purposes of compassion. A simple experiment has only two groups, only one of which receives the treatment. The experimental group is the group that receives the treatment or in which the treatment is present.
QUESTION # 19
What is the method of constructing percentage tables? 3 Marks
Constructing Percentage Tables
It is to construct a percentage table, but there are ways to make it look professional. Let us take two variables like the age of the respondents and their attitude towards “women empowerment.” Assuming that age affects the attitude towards women empowerment let us hypothesize: the lower the age, the higher the favorable attitude towards “women empowerment.” The age range of the respondents is 25 to 70, and the attitude index has three categories of “highly favorable,” “medium favorable,” and “low favorable.” The age variable has so many categories that making a table with that number becomes unwieldy and meaningless. Therefore, we regroup (recode) the age categories into three i.e. under 40 years, 40 – 60 years, and 61 + years.
QUESTION # 20
Explain case control studies in focus group discussion? 3 Marks
Case Control studies:
It is also possible to select two groups (taking them as cases), one with an effect (study group) and the other without effect (control group). Both the cases are similar except for the effect. One could look at the case of Manga Mandi village, where, a few years back, deformities in the bones of children were observed in one part of the village. Here one could explore the totality of the background of affected and unaffected parts of the locality, each being treated as a unit. One could develop hypothesis by having an in-depth analysis of the affected and unaffected parts.
QUESTION # 21
What do we meant by Time dimension in research? In what broad types research can be divided according to time? 5 Marks.
The Time Dimension in Research
Another dimension of research is the treatment of time. Some studies give us a snapshot of a single, fixed time point and allow us to analyze it in detail. Other studies provide a moving picture that lets us follow events, people, or sale of products over a period of time. In this way from the angle of time research could be divided into two broad types:
a. Cross-Sectional Research. In cross-sectional research, researchers observe at one point in time. Cross-sectional research is usually the simplest and least costly alternative. Its disadvantage is that it cannot capture the change processes. Cross-sectional research can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory, but it is most consistent with a descriptive approach to research.
b. Longitudinal Research. Researchers using longitudinal research examine features of people or other units at more than one time. It is usually more complex and costly than cross-sectional research but it is also more powerful, especially when researchers seek answers to questions about change.
QUESTION # 22
How would you explain the scope of experimental research? 5 Marks.
Experimental research builds on the principles of positivist approach more directly than do the other research techniques. Researchers in the natural sciences (e.g. chemistry and physics), related applied fields (e.g. engineering, agriculture, and medicines) and the social sciences conduct experiments. The logic that guides an experiment on plant growth
in biology or testing a metal in engineering is applied in experiments on human social behavior. Although it is most widely used in psychology, the experiment is found in education, criminal justice, journalism, marketing, nursing, political science, social work, and sociology. The purpose of experimental research is to allow the researcher to control the research situation so that causal relationships among variables may be evaluated. The experimenter, therefore, manipulates a single variable in an investigation and holds constant all other, extraneous variables. (Events may be controlled in an experiment in a way that is not possible in a survey.) The goal of the experimental design is the confidence that it gives the researcher that his experimental treatment is the cause of the effect he measures.
QUESTION # 23
How would you differentiate letter of transmittal and letter of authorization? 5 Marks.
Letter of Transmittal: This element is included in relatively formal and very formal reports. Its purpose is to release or deliver the report to the recipient. It also serves to establish some rapport between the reader and the writer. This is one part of the formal report where a personal, or even a slightly informal, tone should be used. The transmittal letter should not dive into report findings except in the broadest terms.
Letter of Authorization: This is a letter to the researcher approving the project, detailing who has responsibility for the project and indicating what resources are available to support it. The letter not only shows who sponsored the research but also delineates the original request.
Researcher would not write this letter. In many situations, referring to the letter of authorization in the letter of transmittal is sufficient. If so, the letter of authorization need not be included in the report. In case the letter has to be included, exact copy of the original may be reproduced.
QUESTION # 25
How topic can be selected from secondary analysis? 3
Selecting Topic for Secondary Analysis
Search through the collections of information with research question and variables in mind, and then reassemble the information in new ways to address the research question.
It is difficult to specify topics that are appropriate for existing statistics research because they are so varied. In fact, existing statistics projects may not neatly fit into a deductive model of research design.
Thus existing statistics research is appropriate when a researcher wants to test hypotheses involving variables that are also in official reports of social, economic and political conditions. For example, existing statistics can be used by researcher who wants to see whether unemployment and crime rates are associated in 100 cities across a 20 year period.

Sta630 solved midterm subjective papers

QUESTION # 1
What topics were addressed by Methodology section of report writing?
Methodology:
Technical procedures for carrying out the study must be explained in a manner appropriate for the reader. It may be useful to supplement the material in this section with more detailed explanation in the appendix. This part of the report should address seven topics:
1. Research design: Was the study exploratory, descriptive, or causal? A specific strategy was used to conduct this study. Why was this particular design suited to the study?
2. Data collection methods: Did the data come from primary sources or secondary sources? How the primary data were collected – survey, experiment, observation? It is possible that multiple techniques may have been used – all these have to be explained.
3. Sample design: What was the target population? What sampling frame was used? What type of sampling was used? What was the selection procedure used?
4. Instrument(s) of data collection: What instrument(s) of data collection was (were) used? Why a particular instrument was selected? Include a copy of each instrument in the appendix.
5. Fieldwork/data collection: How many and what type of fieldworkers were used? What training and supervision did they receive? How was the quality control assured?
6. Analysis: How was the analysis carried out? How was the data reduction handled? Tell about the scoring scheme used. Outline the statistical methods applied for the analysis of the data.
7. Limitations: No report is perfect, so it is important to indicate the report’s limitations. If there were problems with non-response error or sampling procedures, they should be discussed. The discussion of limitations should avoid overemphasizing the weaknesses. Its aim should be to provide a realistic basis for assessing the results.
QUESTION # 2
Write note on bivariate table?
Bivariate Tables
The bivariate contingency table is widely used. The table is based on cross-tabulation (cross-classification); that is the cases are organized in the table on the basis of two variables at the same time. A contingency table is formed by cross-tabulating the two or more variables. It is contingent because the cases in each category of a variable get distributed into each category of a second variable. The table distributes cases into categories of multiple variables at the same time and shows how the cases, by the category of one variable, are “contingent upon” the categories of the other variables.
QUESTION # 3
Enlist data sources in case study?
Data Sources
Usually the following sources are suggested:
• Naturalistic observations (ethnographic studies)
• Interviews
• Life histories
• Tests (Psychological, clinical)
QUESTION # 4
Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative data (3 Marks)
Both qualitative and quantitative researchers use careful, systematic methods to gather high quality data. Yet, differences in the styles of research and the types of data mean they approach the measurement process differently. Designing precise ways to measure variables is a vital step in planning a study for quantitative researchers. Qualitative researchers use wider variety of techniques to measure and create new measures while collecting data. The two approaches to measurement have three distinctions.
One difference between the two styles involves timing. Quantitative researchers extensively think about variables and convert them into specific actions during a planning stage that occurs before and separate from gathering or analyzing data. Measurement for qualitative researchers occurs in the data collection process, and only a little occurs in a separate, planning stage prior to data gathering.
A second difference involves the data itself. Quantitative researchers want to develop techniques that can produce quantitative data (i.e. data in the form of numbers). Thus, the researcher moves from abstract ideas, or variables, to specific data collection techniques to precise numerical information produced by the techniques. The numerical information is an empirical representation of the abstract ideas. Data for qualitative researchers sometimes is in the form of numbers; more often it includes written or spoken word, actions, sounds, symbols, physical objects, or visual images. The qualitative researcher does not convert all observations into a single, common medium such as numbers. Instead he or she develops many flexible, ongoing processes to measure that leaves the data in various shapes, sizes, and forms.
A third difference is how the two styles make such linkages. Quantitative researchers contemplate and reflect on concepts before they gather data. They construct measurement techniques that bridge concepts and data. The measurement techniques define what the data will be and are directions for gathering data.
Qualitative researchers also reflect on ideas before data collection, but they develop many, if not most, of their concepts during data collection activities. Researchers start gathering data and creating ways to measure based what they encounter. As they gather data, they reflect on the process and develop new ideas. The ideas give them direction and suggest new ways to measure.
QUESTION # 5
Define Reliability and Validity (3 Marks)
Reliability
The reliability of a measure indicates the extent to which it is without bias (error free) and hence ensures consistent measurement across time and across the various items in the instrument. In other words, the reliability of a measure is an indication of the stability and consistency with which the instrument measures the concept and helps to assess the ‘goodness” of measure.
Validity
Validity is the ability of an instrument (for example measuring an attitude) to measure what it is supposed to measure. That is, when we ask a set of questions (i.e. develop a measuring instrument) with the hope that we are tapping the concept, how can we be reasonably certain that we are indeed measuring the concept we set out to do and not something else? There is no quick answer.
QUESTION # 6
How would u explain Case Control studies in focus group discussion? (3 Marks)
Case Control studies
It is also possible to select two groups (taking them as cases), one with an effect (study group) and the other without effect (control group). Both the cases are similar except for the effect. One could look at the case of Manga Mandi village, where, a few years back, deformities in the bones of children were observed in one part of the village. Here one could explore the totality of the background of affected and unaffected parts of the locality, each being treated as a unit. One could develop hypothesis by having an in-depth analysis of the affected and unaffected parts.
QUESTION # 7
What do you know about Number and duration in focus group discussion (5 Marks)
Usually focus group have 6-12 members and duration is about 1 and half hour.
QUESTION # 8
What do u know about Statistical Control (5 Marks)
Statistical Control
Showing an association or relationship between two variables is not sufficient to say that an independent variable causes a dependent variable. In addition to temporal order and association, a researcher must eliminate alternative explanations – explanations that can make the hypothetical relationship spurious.
Experimental researchers do this by choosing a research design that physically controls potential alternative explanations for results (i.e. that threaten internal validity).
In non-experimental research, a researcher controls for alternative explanations with statistics. He or she measures possible alternative explanations with control variables, and then examines the control variables with multivariate tables and statistics that help him or her to decide whether a bivariate relationship is spurious. They also show the relative size of the effect of multiple independent variables on dependent variable.
QUESTION # 9
What is the purpose of focus discussion 3
The purpose of an FGD is to obtain in-depth information on concepts, perceptions, and ideas of the group. An FGD aims to be more than a question-answer interaction (Focus group interview is different). Here the idea is that group members discuss the topic among themselves.
QUESTION # 10
How would you define reliability and validity 3
Reliability
The reliability of a measure indicates the extent to which it is without bias (error free) and hence ensures consistent measurement across time and across the various items in the instrument. In other words, the reliability of a measure is an indication of the stability and consistency with which the instrument measures the concept and helps to assess the ‘goodness” of measure.
Validity
Validity is the ability of an instrument (for example measuring an attitude) to measure what it is supposed to measure. That is, when we ask a set of questions (i.e. develop a
measuring instrument) with the hope that we are tapping the concept, how can we be reasonably certain that we are indeed measuring the concept we set out to do and not something else? There is no quick answer.
QUESTION # 11
Briefly discuss the importance of interaction effect in the experimental research with the help of example. 5
The effect of two variables together is likely to be greater than the individual effect of each put together. The idea of an interaction effect is familiar, especially in the area of medicine or illness. As an example, imagine that for a given population of 100 persons, all of the same age and sex, it was found that if all 100 smoked cigarettes the effect would be a lung cancer rate of 20 percent. Assume that for an identical group of 100 persons who did not smoke but lived in a smoggy environment, 10 percent would get lung cancer. Now consider a third identical group of 100 persons all of whom smoke and also live in a smoggy environment. The additive effect of both smoking and smog would be 20 percent plus 10 percent, or a total of 30 percent (30 people) having cancer.
However, imagine that an actual medical survey of the population shows a cancer rate of 37 percent among persons experiencing both smoking and smog. This extra 7 percent can be computed residually as:
Interaction Effect = Total effect – (smoking effect + smog effect) = 37 percent
= 37 percent - (20 percent + 10 percent)
= 37 percent - 30 percent
= 7 percent
QUESTION #12
Describe the tow forms of scientific research method and explain their importance.
5
Scientific research: This method takes an idea or topic and uses the application of science to determine the answers to questions, typically through experimentation. This type of research method is very hands on and relies on result over documentation
Types of Research Used in the Scientific Method There are two basic types of research associated with the scientific method.
Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is based on collecting facts and figures. This type research is common in biology.
Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is based on collecting opinions and attitudes. This type research is common in the social sciences.
QUESTION # 13
Researcher uses the quotations in text while writing literature review during research. You are asked to explain the method to use quotation in text following APA style. 5
Quotations should be given exactly as they appear in the source. The original wording, punctuation, spellings, and italics must be preserved even if they are erroneous. The citation of the source of direct quotation should always include the page number(s) as well as the reference.
Use double quotation marks for quotations in the text. Use single quotation marks to identify the material that was enclosed in double quotation marks in the original source.
If you want to emphasize certain words in the quotation, underline them and immediately after the underlined words, insert within brackets the words: italics added. Use three ellipsis points (…) to indicate that you have omitted material from the original source.
If the quotation is more than 40 words, set in a free-standing style starting on a new line and indenting the left margin a further five spaces. Type the entire quotation double spaced on the new margin, indenting the first line of paragraphs from the new margin.

Cs101 midterm past papers

MIDTERM  EXAMINATION
Fall 2008
CS101- Introduction to Computing (Session - 2)
    
Question No: 1    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  _______ consists of cells arranged in rows & columns
       ► Spreadsheets Software
       ► Word processor
       ► Presentation Software
       ► Microsoft Paint Software
   
Question No: 2    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  _________ manages the HW and SW resources ( memory, disk drives etc) of the computer system, often invisibly.
       ► Explorer.exe
       ► System Files
       ► Operating System
       ► Application Software
   
Question No: 3    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  Forms can be submitted through _______ & _______ methods
       ► INCLUDE, POST
       ► INCLUDE, GET
       ► GET, POST
       ► SEND, POST
   
Question No: 4    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  To display a checkbox on the web page, we use ___ tag
       ► CHECKBOX
       ► CHECK
       ► INPUT
       ► INPUTBOX
   
Question No: 5    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  You can ________ from/to a website containing interactive forms.
       ► Only read
       ► Only write
       ► Read and write
       ► Not read and write
   
Question No: 6    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  There is a battery on the motherboard to:
       ► Give power to the processor
       ► Save information when computer is off
       ► Save information when computer is on
       ► Give power to the motherboard
   
Question No: 7    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  We can change the background color in HTML, using ___ attribute of <body>

       ► background

       ► bgcolor

       ► backcolor

       ► backgroundcolor

   
Question No: 8    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  ___ contains the name of the protocol required to access the resource, a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the internet and a pathname on the computer
       ► HTML
       ► HTTP
       ► URL
       ► WWW
   
Question No: 9    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  ______ is a client program that uses HTTP to make requests to Web servers throughout the internet on behalf of the user.
       ► Web Application
       ► Web Browser
       ► Internet Application
       ► HTML
   
Question No: 10    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  WWW stands for:
       ► Wide World Web
       ► World Wide Web
       ► World White Web
       ► World Web Wide
   
Question No: 11    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  The weaknesses of the computer are:
       ► Pattern recognition & Storage
       ► Speed & Innovative ideas
       ► Pattern recognition & Innovative ideas
       ► Speed & Storage
   
Question No: 12    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  Floating point unit is also known as _________ unit

       ► Real
       ► Integer
       ► Numeric
       ► Fractional
   
Question No: 13    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  Programs that reside on Web servers and receive info that a user enters in a form, are known as:

       ► Server-Side Scripts

       ► Client-Side Scripts

       ► Super Scripts

       ► Form Scripts

   
Question No: 14    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  ------------ is volatile memory

       ► RAM
       ► ROM
       ► Hard Disk
       ► CD ROM
   
Question No: 15    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  What will be the result of the following formula in Spreadsheet application ?
SUM(A2:A3) =_________(Assume that  A2 = 25 A3 = 75)

       ► 25
       ► 50
       ► 75
       ► 100
   
Question No: 16    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  VisiCalc was the first popular _______application on PC’s.

       ► Spreadsheet
       ► Word processor
       ► Presentation
       ► Database
   
Question No: 17    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  ____________ is a system software that converts the source code written in high level language into machine language code.
       ► Utilities
       ► Drivers
       ► Language Translator
       ► None of the these
   
Question No: 18    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  What happens if I start a new list without closing the original one?
       ► An error will be generated
       ► A nested list will be created

       ► Previous list will end and a new will start.

       ► Nothing will happen

   
Question No: 19    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  __________ is a program that executes instructions line by line written in a high-level language.

       ► Interpreter
       ► Compiler
       ► Predictor
       ► Executor
   
Question No: 20    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  There are_________________ rules to write the Pseudo Code.

       ► Standard
       ► No standard
       ► Strict
       ► Pre-defined
   
Question No: 21    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  Which one is not the building block of an algorithm?
       ► Statements
       ► Sequences
       ► Repetitions
       ► Conditionals
   
Question No: 22    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  In flow charts, there is only one entry point in conditions while there is/are__________ exit points.

       ► 1
       ► 2
       ► 3
       ► 4
   
Question No: 23    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  A procedure that usually but not always works or that gives nearly the right answer is called_____________

       ► Deterministic Algorithm
       ► Heuristic Algorithm
       ► Greedy Algorithm
       ► Randomized Algorithm
   
Question No: 24    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  A Modem is a kind of ___
       ► Input device
       ► Output device
       ► Storage device
       ► Input and Output device
   
Question No: 25    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  The memory size of the Altair 8800 was
       ► 128 bytes
       ► 128 Kilo bytes
       ► 256 Kilo bytes
       ► 256 bytes
   
Question No: 26    ( Marks: 1 )    - Please choose one
  ---------- was known as “mill” in Analytical engine.
       ► Memory
       ► Processor
       ► Monitor
       ► Mouse
   
Question No: 27    ( Marks: 1 )
  What is the key feature of object-oriented design?

 ANSWER: The key feature of object-oriented design is that it treats every thing as object having properties and methods. These objects are separately treated and designed and once designed it can be used in any other system. So once designed can be used many times.
   
Question No: 28    ( Marks: 1 )
  Write one purpose of using spreadsheets ?
ANSWERS: Purpose of spreadsheets is that it can do calculations on data accurately.
   
Question No: 29    ( Marks: 2 )
  List down two advantages of writing Pseudo Code
Answers: The advantages of pseudo code are:
·    It is quite similar to human language so easy to understand.
·    It is close to real code so easy to write real code from it.
   
Question No: 30    ( Marks: 3 )
  How can we calculate total number of rows in the truth table?

ANSWER: The formula for calculating number of rows in truth table is 2n
Where n = number of inputs
   
Question No: 31    ( Marks: 5 )
  Differentiate between Vector graphics and Bit-mapped graphics.
ANSWER:

          VECTOR GRAPHICS
1.    Treat everything as an object
2.    Is resolution independent
3.    Relatively small size
4.    Example: Corel Draw                  BIT MAPPED IMAGES
1.    Treats everything as a bit map.
2.    Resolution dependent
3.    Large files
4.    Example: Microsoft Paint     

   
Question No: 32    ( Marks: 5 )
  Write differences between Shareware and trail ware software.
ANSWER:

                  SHAREWARE
1.    These are shared freely.
2.    It is given without payment ahead of time.                     TRIALWARE
1.    Software is offered for a trial period.
2.    When the period is expired it is no more in use.   

    

Cs201 short notes 2

Const:
A C++ keyword used to declare an object as constant or used to declare a constant parameter.
Constructor:
A function called when a class object comes into scope. The constructor is used to initialize the object. See allocation, copy constructor, and destruct or.
Continue:
C++ keyword used with for and while statements to continue the iteration at the top of the loop.
Copy constructor:
A special type of constructor that is called when an object is copied.
cout:
In C++ stream I/O, the standard output stream.
Data structure:
The term data structure refers to the way data is organized for use within a program. Correct organization of data can lead to simpler and more efficient algorithms. Common data structures are linked-lists, stacks, queues and trees.
Debugger:
A tool for stepping through the execution of a program, examining variables, setting breakpoints, and so on.
Declaration:
A C++ entity that introduces one or more names into a program. declaration specifies to the compiler the types of all the elements of an identifier; "this function or this piece of data exists somewhere else, and here is what it should look like." See also definition for definition.
Default argument:
An optional argument to a function. A value specified in the function declaration is used if the argument is not given.
Definition:
Instantiates an identifier, allocating its memory. A declaration can also be a definition. You can declare data or a function in many differ.
Delete operator:
C++ keyword and operator used to delete dynamic storage.
Derived class:
A class that inherits members from a base class.
Destructor:
A function called when a class object goes out of scope. It cleans up the object, freeing resources like dynamic storage.
Do:
A C/C++ reserved word that allows construction of an iterative loop. The statements in the body always execute at least once. Also see while.
Double:
A fundamental data type in C and C++. Double variables are used to store floating-point values. They offer greater precision and can store larger numbers than floats.
Dynamic memory allocation:
The process of dynamically creating objects in the heap or free store during program runtime. Statically created objects, created by the compiler, are put on the program stack.
Else:
C++ keyword, part of the if statement, that allows conditional execution of code.
endl:
The standard C++ library provides a set of manipulator functions that can modify the state of iostream objects. endl writes a new line to output.
Explicit:
A C++ keyword used in the declaration of constructors to indicate that conversion of an initializer should not take place.
Expression:
A combination of constants, variables, and operators used to produce a value of some type.
Expression statement:
A statement that is an expression, such as a function call or assignment.
Float:
A C++ keyword used to declare a floating point type.
For:
A C++ keyword used to specify an iteration or looping statement.
Friend:
A type of declaration used within a class to grant other classes or functions access to that class.
Function:
A C++ entity that is a sequence of statements. It has its own scope, accepts a set of argument values, and returns a value on completion.
Function overloading:
The capability of having several routines in a program with the same name. The different functions are distinguished by their parameter types, return value types, or both; the compiler automatically selects the correct version, based on parameter types and return types.
Garbage collection:
A way of automatically managing dynamic storage such that explicit cleanup of storage is not required. C++ does not have garbage collection.
Garbage collection:
A way of automatically managing dynamic storage such that explicit cleanup of storage is not required. C++ does not have garbage collection.
Global variable:
A variable that is accessible throughout the whole program, whose lifetime is that of the program.
goto:
C++ keyword, used to transfer control within a C++ function.
Header file:
A file containing class declarations, preprocessor directives, and so on, and included in a translation unit. It is expanded by the preprocessor.
Heap:
A pool of memory used for dynamic memory allocation. Blocks of memory from this area are allocated for program use during execution using the new operator in C++ and the malloc function in C.
If:
C++ keyword used in conditional statements, that allows conditional execution of code.
Inheritance:
The process whereby a derived class inherits members from a base class. A derived class will also add its own members to those of the base class.
Inline:
C++ keyword used to declare an inline function.
Inline function:
A function that can be expanded by a compiler at the point of call, thereby saving the overhead time required to call the function. Best for recursive and loop calls. Provides type safety and side-effects protection not afforded by #define.
int:
The C/C++ keyword int is used to declare an integer variable.
Interface:
C++ separates its interface from its implementation. The interface in C++ is the class definition of an object, and its methods. The interface doesn't specify how the methods work; this is done in the class implementation. Only the interface need be compiled at compile time. The implementation can be linked (or even written) at any time.
Keyword: http://www.vustudents.net
A reserved identifier in C++, used to denote data types, statements of the language, and so on. Keywords are reserved words that serve a special purpose within a programming language. They may declare the type or properties of an object, or allow creation of program structure such as branches or loops. They may not by used as identifiers or object (variable) names.
Label:
A name that is the target of a goto statement.
Linker:
A program that combines object files and library code to produce an executable program.